Russia’s – and then the Soviet Union’s – wars of the 20th century often ended in defeat and always with gargantuan casualties. Even when they were winning in the Second World War, they were losing excessively more than their enemy. Is this because they were fighting harder? Or more recklessly? And how many of their battlefield victories in the war was down to blood spilled and how much to materiel from the capitalist West? More to the point, what lessons has Russia learned from more than a century of bitter, brutal warfare? Has anything changed in Ukraine?